Which term describes a formal complaint against a state entity?

The term that describes a formal complaint against a state entity is a grievance. In legal and administrative contexts, a grievance typically refers to a formal expression of dissatisfaction or a complaint regarding a decision or action taken by a state or governmental body. This can encompass a wide range of issues, including violations of rights, disputes over policies, or disagreements with administrative decisions.

A grievance is often part of a structured process that allows individuals to seek redress or resolution. This could involve a defined protocol for filing, reviewing, and resolving the complaint, ensuring that individuals have a mechanism to address perceived injustices or conflicts with state actions.

In contrast, while a petition may also be a formal request, it is usually aimed at soliciting some kind of action or change rather than being an expression of dissatisfaction with an existing situation. A request implies seeking permission or a particular favor rather than lodging a complaint. A claim might relate to a demand for compensation or a legal assertion, but it is not specifically designated as a formal complaint against a state entity. Thus, "grievance" clearly encapsulates the essence of a formal complaint against a state entity.